Innovative hybrid metal-dielectric metasurface neural endoscopes Better insight into the brain’s neural circuits and electrochemical functions could lead to improved diagnostics and therapies. However, current neural interfaces are limited in their ability to interpret the complex electrical and chemical signalling that takes place in different parts of the brain tissue. The ERC-funded MINING project aims to develop and demonstrate advanced multifunctional neural endoscopes capable of stimulating and detecting electrical and molecular signalling with cellular resolution in living organisms. To do so, it will leverage light-matter interactions in hybrid metal-dielectric metasurfaces and their synergistic integration with organic electrochemical transistors. Consequently, the endoscopes will be able to identify multiple types of signals in the same volume with in-depth spatial and temporal resolution.